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Aims: A controlled release drug delivery system loaded with buprenorphine and ketorolac was synthesized and used in the experimental model of bone defect and while evaluating the inflammatory response, the repair process in the defects was investigated. Materials and methods: To determine the effectiveness of the synthesized the mentioned systems, 5 groups were defined; the control group, the chitosan hydrogel receiving group (chitosan group), the ketorolac-loaded chitosan hydrogel group (ketorolac group), the buprenorphine-loaded chitosan hydrogel receiving group (buprenorphine group), and the chitosan hydrogel-loading group loaded with a combination of ketorolac and buprenorphine (ketorolac-buprenorphine group). Results: The results showed that the population of leukocytes (tWBC) and neutrophils on different days of the study in the control group compared to other groups had a significant increase ( P  &lt; 0.05) while on day 7 of the study in the ketorolac group these parameters decreased significantly compared to other groups ( P  &lt; 0.05). While examining the histological changes in the experimental defect created in the proximal tibia of rats at different times, some inflammatory indices such as total and differential leukocyte population, plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were compared in different groups ( P  &lt; 0.05). The various evaluated data showed that among the different groups, in the control and ketorolac-buprenorphine groups, there was the lowest and highest control of inflammatory response and bone repair, respectively. Conclusion: In the ketorolac group due to the impact of ketorolac on leukocyte populations the best bone healing can be expected among the different treatment groups.

journal of investigative surgery

Evaluation of Inflammatory Response Due to Use of Controlled Release Drug Delivery System of Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Buprenorphine and Ketorolac in Rat with Experimental Proximal Tibial Epiphysis Defect