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In an era of antibiotic resistance where natural antibiotic substitutes are considered essential, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of  Citrus limon  extract on strains of pathogenic  Escherichia coli  isolated from pork were evaluated. The strains which form biofilms were more resistant (MIC 50  = 2.5 mgml −1 ) compared to non-biofilm forming strains (MIC 50  = 1.25 mgml −1 ). Use of  C. limon  extract at 20 mgml −1  concentration has resulted in inhibition of biofilm formation by 53.96%. Cyclobarbital, 5, 8-dimethoxycumarin, orotic acid and 3-methylsalicylhydrazide were the major phytochemicals in  C. limon  extract with highest docking affinities against the biofilm associated proteins in  E. coli . The results of simulation studies have clearly illustrated the energy stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profiles revealed that the phytochemicals in  C. limon  could be used in the drug design studies to preferentially target the specific receptors to combat biofilms associated with  E. coli.

biofouling

Presence of potent inhibitors of bacterial biofilm associated proteins is the key to  Citrus limon’s  antibiofilm activity against pathogenic  Escherichia coli