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The ability of interleukin (IL)-32α to induce T helper (Th) 1, Th17, and Treg cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-γ], IL-17, and IL-10, respectively), and transcription factors ([signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT ) 1 and  T-box  ( T-bet ) for Th1,  STAT3  and retinoid-related orphan receptor ( ROR ) -γt  for Th17, and  STAT5  and forkhead box P3 ( Foxp3 ) for Treg]) were investigated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IL-32α effects on Th cell proliferation and related factors including IL-2 and  NF-κB  were also explored. Serum levels of IL-32α in 31 patients and 31 healthy controls (HCs) were determined by ELISA assay. CD4 +  T cells cultured with polyclonal activators in the presence and absence of recombinant IL-32α (rIL-32α). Gene expressions in cultured Th cells were assessed with real-time PCR. Cytokines in supernatants were measured with ELISA. Proliferation experiments were assessed by flow cytometry. The patients showed significant increase in IL-32α levels compared with HCs and its levels were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). rIL-32α enhanced IL-17 and IL-2 production, increased  ROR-γt  and  NF-κB  expression, and enhanced Th proliferation in both patients and HCs. In patients, IL-17,  ROR-γt ,  NF-κB,  and proliferation levels were higher than those in HCs, in cultures with and without rIL-32α (rIL-32α +  and rIL-32α - ). IL-2 levels in rIL-32α + cultures of patients were significantly higher than the HCs, and it was positively correlated with proliferation rate and  NF-κB  expression. Aberrant IL-32α levels are participated in T2DM pathogenesis. IL-32α potently induces Th17-related factors and amplifies the proliferative function of T cells.HighlightsEnhanced serum levels of IL-32α in T2DM patients was correlated with FPG and HbA1c.IL-32α increases  ROR-γt  expression and IL-17 production, and induces Th17 cells.IL-32α enhances  NF-κB  expression and IL-2 production, and promotes Th proliferation.IL-32α is more effective for inducing Th17 cells and proliferation in the patients.IL-32α axis could be mentioned as a future therapeutic goal for the T2DM. Enhanced serum levels of IL-32α in T2DM patients was correlated with FPG and HbA1c. IL-32α increases  ROR-γt  expression and IL-17 production, and induces Th17 cells. IL-32α enhances  NF-κB  expression and IL-2 production, and promotes Th proliferation. IL-32α is more effective for inducing Th17 cells and proliferation in the patients. IL-32α axis could be mentioned as a future therapeutic goal for the T2DM.

Impact of interleukin-32α on T helper cell-related cytokines, transcription factors, and proliferation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus