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New fossils of the Miocene crown-tragulid  Afrotragulus  from Chinji and Dhok Pathan Formations of the Pakistan Siwaliks Group represent its first record out of Africa. This material from Babri Wala (ca. 12.6 Ma), Hasnot 6 (ca. 6.5 Ma) and Barnum Brown’s B 51 classic locality (ca. 13.7 Ma) constitutes three new species,  Afrotragulus akhtari, A. moralesi  and  A. megalomilos . We reassess  Afrotragulus  ingroup phylogeny recovering two clades with African and Asian representatives. Our results reject the existence of a strictly African lineage in the genus. Body-size estimates show three tiny  Afrotragulus  with a size corresponding to the lower spectrum of extant  Tragulus . However, both  Afrotragulus  lineages produced species larger than 10 kg. Previously considered very small tragulids, these new forms demonstrate that size range of  Afrotragulus  equals that of all living tragulids. The smallest forms could be frugivorous/browsers but  A. megalomilos  and  A. moralesi  could be opportunistic feeders, specially accounting for their highly derived dentition. These new Asian  Afrotragulus  extend the biochronological range of the genus from the lower Miocene to the late upper Miocene.  Afrotragulus  is surprisingly uncovered here as one of the longest-lived and most successful members of the Tragulidae, existing during ca. 13.5 million years (20–6.5 Ma).

historical biology

The first Asian record of the mouse-deer  Afrotragulus  (Ruminantia, Tragulidae) reassess its evolutionary history and offers insights on the influence of body size on  Afrotragulus  diversification