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Plant adaptations to environmental and climatic changes in Pangaean intramontane basins are poorly understood. Here, we document a previously unknown primitive gymnosperm species,  Lesleya ceriacoi  sp. nov., from the Douro Carboniferous Basin (DCB; lower Gzhelian, Upper Pennsylvanian; NW Portugal) of the Variscan Iberian Massif (Iberia). This new species is described from a 303 million-years-old fossil rediscovered at the U.Porto’s Herbarium PO, stored at the Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP; Portugal).  L. ceriacoi  sp. nov. displays an exquisite leaf shape with morphological traits adapted to specific ecological conditions of the DCB. These leaf morphological traits comprise toothed and dissected margins, which represent specialised adaptations to drier (xerophytic) conditions of the DCB during the Gzhelian (ca. 304–299 Ma), at the end of the Late Pennsylvanian. The xeromorphic traits of the new species represent an evolutionary novelty for the Pennsylvanian Euramerican dry-climate adapted floras, and are evidence of evolutionary adaptation to environmental and climatic change in intramontane basins like DCB within central tropical Pangaea. Such an adaptation occurred during an interval of wet to dry climate transition after the end of one late Palaeozoic Gondwana Ice Age (glaciation) in Gzhelian time.

A new species of Lesleya (Spermatopsida) from the Carboniferous of Iberia and its palaeoecological and evolutionary significance