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The fossil record of lynxes provides clear evidence of a large range across the North Hemisphere during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. However, their origin, systematics and evolutionary relationships are still fraught with difficulties and controversy. Here we report a complete hemimandible of a medium-sized felid from the Early Pleistocene (MN17, middle Villafranchian, 2.05 Ma) site of La Puebla de Valverde (Teruel, Spain). Based on comparative and multivariate analyses of the lower dentition of 458 individuals of medium-sized  Lynx, Caracal  and  Leptailurus , we confidently ascribe the remains to  Lynx  aff.  issiodorensis . Although the dental proportions are somewhat different from those of the Eurasian  L. issiodorensis  (smaller canines and more elongated p4/m1),  Lynx  aff.  issiodorensis  shows affinities with the Issoire lynx from the contemporaneous site of Saint Vallier (France), sharing a similar morphology of the mandible, reduced canines, and long m1. We further test the hypothesis that examines the presence of the African/Asian  Caracal  in the European Plio/Pleistocene for  C. depereti  and  C. issiodorensis , and discard the attribution of  L. issiodorensis  into Caracal. This mandible extends the record of the genus and contributes to update our understanding of the  Lynx  lineage and its variability within the European fossil record.

A new lynx mandible from the Early Pleistocene of Spain (La Puebla de Valverde, Teruel) and a taxonomical multivariate approach of medium-sized felids