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Spinosauridae presents an extensive geographical and temporal distribution, with records from Gondwana and Laurasia, and a temporal range from Barremian (~129 Ma, Lower Cretaceous) to Cenomanian (~95 Ma, Upper Cretaceous). To date, 13 species were described, besides several specimens identified at a broader taxonomic level. One of the most notable cranial features of spinosaurids is their elongated rostrum (hypertrophied premaxilla-maxilla). Leastwise five species possess preserved premaxillae:  Angaturama limai, Baryonyx walkeri, Cristatusaurus lapparenti, Oxalaia quilombensis  and  Suchomimus tenerensis , besides materials tentatively attributed to  Spinosaurus aegyptiacus . We studied the premaxillae shape of 10 specimens of the above-mentioned species and other materials through geometric morphometrics, reviewing diagnoses and morphological descriptions. Clear allometric and phylogenetic signals could be identified by ordination methods. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis to test spinosaurid relationships, by inclusion of new landmarks-characters from the premaxillae into a published tetanuran character-taxon matrix. The phylogenetic inference recovered  C. lapparenti  outside Baryonychinae, which was composed by  B. walkeri  and  S. tenerensis . Spinosaurinae was recovered as ( A. limai , ( O. quilombensis , (MSNM V4047,  Irritator challengeri ))). Our results suggest that the premaxillae provide useful phylogenetic information and that the inclusion of landmarks-characters improves our knowledge of this enigmatic clade.

Rostral morphology of Spinosauridae (Theropoda, Megalosauroidea): premaxilla shape variation and a new phylogenetic inference