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A partial skeleton of a pleurosternid turtle (Paracryptodira), from the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition at the Spanish locality of Ágreda (Moncayo Region, Soria Province), is presented here. Its partial skull represents the third of this lineage to be recognised in the European record, with the previously known specimens corresponding to British species. The specimen of Pleurosternidae studied here is attributed to a new species,  Pleurosternon moncayensis . This lineage of stem turtles is identified as the most abundant and diverse group of freshwater aquatic turtles in Europe for the stages adjacent to the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Its presence decreased radically at post-Berriasian levels, when freshwater lineages of Eucryptodira, of Asian origin, are identified as the dominant forms at these aquatic turtle faunas. The confirmation of Pleurosternidae as freshwater inhabitants is made here, through the first neuroanatomical study for this lineage. Thus, the neuroanatomical reconstruction of  Pleurosternon moncayensis  sp. nov. is the first to be carried out for a freshwater stem turtle, and it allows us to identify convergent adaptations with freshwater members of the crown Testudines.

A new Iberian pleurosternid (Jurassic-Cretaceous transition, Spain) and first neuroanatomical study of this clade of stem turtles