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Suidae remains recovered from the late Pliocene site of Collepardo (Latium, central Italy) are described and assigned to  Sus arvernensis , a small-sized Ruscinian to Early Villafranchian (MN14-MN16a) species. In Italy,  S. arvernensis  only occurs in the Triversa Faunal Unit (MN16a), supporting the recently revised chronology of Collepardo. CT-scan methods are used to virtually extract and analyse a newly discovered neurocranium, providing the content for the first inner cranial description carried out on an extinct Suidae. Our analysis reveals that  S. arvernensis  has an anteroposteriorly elongated and dorsoventrally flat cerebrum, similar to that of the Asian  Babyrousa babyrussa  and the African  Hylochoerus meinertzhageni . These species substantially differ in size and are representatives of two widely diverging phylogenetic clades, excluding relatively simple evolutionary or allometric explanations for brain morphology in Suidae.

historical biology

Neurocranial anatomy of  Sus arvernensis  (Suidae, Mammalia) from Collepardo (Early Villafranchian; central Italy): taxonomic and biochronological implications