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This article is the first systematic attempt that combines the analysis of the vulnerabilities to which the Iranian intelligence services have been exposed in the last decades and the ways and methods of Israel’s intelligence—most and foremost, the Mossad—to exploit them. In particular, four factors have been looked into (i.e., rivalries between various players of the political establishment and intelligence agencies, regime fragility, tense geopolitical environment, and increased complexity due to adversaries’ tradecraft sophistication). Examined through the lens of the concept of reflexive control and substantiated by numerous examples available in the public domain, the article seeks to advance our understanding of the dynamics of clandestine intelligence operations in the Middle East.

Israel’s Intelligence Services in Iran: Exploiting Vulnerabilities for Penetration