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Delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment caused by limited biomarkers are associated with the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. It is necessary to identify other promising biomarkers and candidate targets for defining dysregulated inflammatory states. The triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell (TREM)-1 and TREM-2 expression from hospitalized COVID-19 patients were characterized using ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Their correlation with disease severity and contrast with the main clinical indicators were evaluated. Increased expression of soluble TREM-1 and TREM-2 in the plasma of COVID-19 patients was found compared to the control group. Moreover, membrane-bound TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression was upregulated on the cell surface of circulating blood T cells from COVID-19 patients. Correlation analysis showed that sTREM-2 levels were negatively correlated with PaO 2 /FiO 2 , but positively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the predictive efficacy of sTREM-1 and sTREM-2 was equivalent to CRP and IL-6, and a little better than absolute leukocyte or neutrophil count and PCT in distinguishing disease severity. TREM-2 and TREM-1 are critical host immune factors that response to SARS-COV-2 infection and could serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

TREM-1, TREM-2 and their association with disease severity in patients with COVID-19