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Heterogeneity exists in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI). This study aimed to perform unsupervised consensus clustering in critically ill patients with dialysis-requiring SA-AKI. This prospective observational cohort study included all septic patients, defined by the Sepsis-3 criteria, with dialysis-requiring SA-AKI in surgical intensive care units in Taiwan between 2009 and 2018. We employed unsupervised consensus clustering based on 23 clinical variables upon initializing renal replacement therapy. Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression models and Fine–Gray sub-distribution hazard models were built to test associations between cluster memberships with mortality and being free of dialysis at 90 days after hospital discharge, respectively. Consensus clustering among 999 enrolled patients identified three sub-phenotypes characterized with distinct clinical manifestations upon renal replacement therapy initiation ( n  = 352, 396 and 251 in cluster 1, 2 and 3, respectively). They were followed for a median of 48 (interquartile range 9.5–128.5) days. Phenotypic cluster 1, featured by younger age, lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, higher baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate but with higher severity of acute illness was associated with an increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio of 3.05 [95% CI, 2.35–3.97]) and less probability to become free of dialysis (adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio of 0.55 [95% CI, 0.38–0.8]) than cluster 3. By examining distinct features of the sub-phenotypes, we discovered that pre-dialysis hyperlactatemia ≥3.3 mmol/L was an independent outcome predictor. A clinical model developed to determine high-risk sub-phenotype 1 in this cohort (C-static 0.99) can identify a sub-phenotype with high in-hospital mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio of 1.48 [95% CI, 1.25–1.74]) in another independent multi-centre SA-AKI cohort. Our data-driven approach suggests sub-phenotypes with clinical relevance in dialysis-requiring SA-AKI and serves an outcome predictor. This strategy represents further development toward precision medicine in the definition of high-risk sub-phenotype in patients with SA-AKI.Key messagesUnsupervised consensus clustering can identify sub-phenotypes of patients with SA-AKI and provide a risk prediction.Examining the features of patient heterogeneity contributes to the discovery of serum lactate levels ≥ 3.3 mmol/L upon initializing RRT as an independent outcome predictor.This data-driven approach can be useful for prognostication and lead to a better understanding of therapeutic strategies in heterogeneous clinical syndromes. Unsupervised consensus clustering can identify sub-phenotypes of patients with SA-AKI and provide a risk prediction. Examining the features of patient heterogeneity contributes to the discovery of serum lactate levels ≥ 3.3 mmol/L upon initializing RRT as an independent outcome predictor. This data-driven approach can be useful for prognostication and lead to a better understanding of therapeutic strategies in heterogeneous clinical syndromes.

annals of medicine

Unsupervised clustering identifies sub-phenotypes and reveals novel outcome predictors in patients with dialysis-requiring sepsis-associated acute kidney injury