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Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely used for bleeding reduction in spinal surgery. Available evidence is insufficient to inform clinical decisions making and there remains a lack of comprehensive comparisons of dose regimens and delivery routes. This study is aimed to assess and compare different strategies regarding the involvement of TXA in spinal surgery for the optimal pathway of efficacy and safety. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CNKI were searched for the period from January 1990 to October 2021. A random-effect model was built in the Bayesian network meta-analysis. The surface under the cumulative ranking analysis (SUCRA) and clustering rank analysis was performed for ranking the effects. The current network meta-analysis incorporated data from 33 studies with 3302 patients. Combination administration showed superior effects on reducing intraoperative bleeding (SUCRA 78.78%, MD −129.67, 95% CI [(−222.33, −40.58)]) than placebo, and was ranked as top in reducing postoperative bleeding (SUCRA 86.91%, MD −169.92, 95% CI [(−262.71, −83.52)]), changes in haemoglobin (SUCRA 97.21%, MD −1.28, 95% CI [(−1.84, −0.73)]), and perioperative blood transfusion (SUCRA 93.23%, RR 0.10, 95% CI [(0.03, 0.25)]) simultaneously, and was shown as the best effectiveness and safety (cluster-rank value for IBL and VTE: 4057.99 and for TRF and VTE: 4802.26). Intravenous (IV) plus topical administration of TXA appears optimal in the reduction of perioperative bleeding and blood transfusion, while the local infiltration administration is not effective for blood conservation. Further studies are required to verify the current findings.

Optimal administration strategies of tranexamic acid to minimize blood loss during spinal surgery: results of a Bayesian network meta-analysis