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The molecular circadian timing system involves genes known as “clock genes,” such as the  PER3  gene. Studies have demonstrated associations among a repeat polymorphism (VNTR) of the  PER3  gene with chronotypes, with the occurrence of circadian rhythm disorders and with sleep homeostasis phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate, by actigraphy, sleep and circadian rhythm profiles of people with different genotypes for the VNTR polymorphism of the  PER3  gene. We genotyped 467 individuals (46,39% male) for the  PER3  VNTR polymorphism. The mean age of the participants was 21.842.64, ranging from 18 to 30 y old. Actigraphy data were collected from a subsample of 81 subjects with  PER3  4-repeats homozygous ( PER34/4) or 5-repeats homozygous ( PER35/5) genotypes from April to June of 2021. From this sample, 48  PER34/4and 33  PER35/5subjects wore a wrist actigraph between 12 and 19 d. The sleep onset (weekdays,  p  = 0.015; weekend,  p  = 0.022) and offset (weekdays,  p  = 0.004; weekend,  p  = 0.041) of the  PER35/5group occurred later than the  PER34/4group. Similar results were observed for the mid-sleep phase of weekdays (MSW) ( p  = 0.008) and free days (MSF) ( p  = 0.019), and for the mid-sleep phase corrected for sleep debt accumulated over the week (MSFsc) ( p  = 0.024). Despite the phase differences found between the  PER34/4and  PER35/5groups, no differences were found in sleep duration and social jet lag. However, the  PER34/4group presented, on average, a longer sleep rebound on the days off when compared to the  PER35/5( p  = 0.002). The  PER35/5group showed lower interdaily stability (IS) ( p  = 0.032) and higher daily activity rhythm variability (IV) ( p  = 0.035). The findings of the present study revealed associations between the  PER3  gene, sleep, and circadian rhythms. In general, we found that the gene is associated with the expression of sleep timing and duration and to the phase of the activity rhythm. The experiments carried out here occurred in the COVID-19 pandemic scenario, which should be considered as an environmental element with potential effects on the results obtained.

Actigraphic characterization of sleep and circadian phenotypes of PER3 gene VNTR genotypes