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Animals possess a circadian central clock in the brain, where circadian behavioural rhythms are generated. In the fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ), the central clock comprises a network of approximately 150 clock neurons, which is important for the maintenance of a coherent and robust rhythm. Several neuropeptides involved in the network have been identified, including Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) and CCHamide1 (CCHa1) neuropeptides. PDF signals bidirectionally to CCHa1-positive clock neurons; thus, the clock neuron groups expressing PDF and CCHa1 interact reciprocally. However, the role of these interactions in molecular and behavioural rhythms remains elusive. In this study, we generated  Pdf  01and  CCHa1 SK8double mutants and examined their locomotor activity-related rhythms. The single mutants of  Pdf  01or  CCHa1 SK8displayed free-running rhythms under constant dark conditions, whereas approximately 98% of the double mutants were arrhythmic. In light-dark conditions, the evening activity of the double mutants was phase-advanced compared with that of the single mutants. In contrast, both the single and double mutants had diminished morning activity. These results suggest that the effects of the double mutation varied in behavioural parameters. The double and triple mutants of  per  01 , Pdf  01, and  CCHa1 SK8further revealed that PDF signalling plays a role in the suppression of activity during the daytime under a clock-less background. Our results provide insights into the interactions between PDF and CCHa1 signalling and their roles in activity rhythms.

Pigment-dispersing factor and CCHamide1 in the Drosophila circadian clock network