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In both mammals and fish, the circadian system is composed of oscillators that function at the cellular, tissue, and system levels and show the cyclic expression of clock genes. The organization and functioning of the biological clock in fish has not yet been characterized in detail, therefore, in the present study, an extensive analysis of the rhythmic expression of the main components of the biological clock in the central and peripheral organs of common carp was performed. The diurnal changes in clock gene expression were determined with respect to the subjective light cycle in fish exposed to constant light or darkness. It was found that the pattern of expression of  clock, bmal, per  and  cry  genes in carp was highest in the brain, pituitary gland, and retina. The peak  clock  and  bmal  expression was phase aligned with the lights off, whereas both  per  genes show similar phasing with acrophase close to light onset. The expression of  cry  genes varied depending on the type of tissue and the subtype of gene. The diurnal changes in the expression of clock genes demonstrates that, in particular, the expression of the  clock  in the retina shows endogenous oscillations independent of the influence of light. The data suggest that in carp, the time-varying expression of individual genes allows for a diverse and tissue-specific response to secure oscillations with variable phase and period.

Changes of the clock gene expression in central and peripheral organs of common carp exposed to constant lighting conditions