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Staphylococcus epidermidis  is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections around the globe that leads to a high rate of mortality and morbidity in both immunocompromised patients and preterm infants. Despite the alarming increase in multi-drug resistance, no promising vaccines are readily available against this pathogen. Thus, the present study is focused on designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine using five antigenic proteins of  S. epidermidis  through an immunoinformatics approach. The final vaccine comprised B-cell, HTL, and CTL binding epitopes followed by Lipoprotein LprA adjuvant added at N-terminal to augment the immunogenicity. Physicochemical assessment of the vaccine reveals the antigenic and non-allergic nature. The vaccine structure was designed, refined, validated, and disulfide engineered to obtain the best model. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the proposed vaccine with toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4) showed strong and stable interactions. MM-PBSA analysis was implemented as an efficient tool to determine the intermolecular binding free energies of the system. The vaccine was subjected to immune simulation to predict its immunogenic profile.  In silico  cloning suggested that the proposed vaccine can be expressed efficiently in  E.coli . Furthermore,  in vivo  animal experiment is needed to determine the effectiveness of the  in silico  designed vaccine. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

journal of biomolecular structure and dynamics

Identification and design of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against the opportunistic pathogen  Staphylococcus epidermidis : An immunoinformatics approach