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Halotolerant glycoside hydrolases (GH) have broad application potentials in biorefinery industries. Elucidating the structure-activity relationship underlying the halotolerant catalysis is essential to design superior biocatalysts. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural dynamics of two GH5 cellulases, namely the halotolerant Cel5R and non-halotolerant  Tf Cel5A. Through characterizing the physical properties at different salt concentrations, the results revealed that the overall structures of Cel5R and  Tf Cel5A were marginally affected by the increase in salt concentrations. However, a salt-sensitive loop was identified from both Cel5R and  Tf Cel5A based on its significantly increased flexibility at high salt concentrations. Importantly, compared to  Tf Cel5A the salt-sensitive loop of Cel5R engaged more sodium ions and water molecules around the active site of the enzyme. Besides, the unique residue motif of the salt-sensitive loop in Cel5R formed more intramolecular hydrogen bonds, stabilizing the active architecture of Cel5R at high salt concentrations. Collectively, the structural and dynamic differences may contribute to the various catalytic halotolerance of Cel5R and  Tf Cel5A. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the halotolerant catalysis and will guide the ration design of GH5 cellulases with improved catalytic properties. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Samy

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations identify a salt-sensitive loop responsible for the halotolerant activity of GH5 cellulases