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Pazopanib (PZP) is a multi-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is currently approved by FDA for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and renal cancer. Molecular interaction mechanism of PZP with human serum albumin (HSA) was explored under simulated physiological conditions (pH = 7.4), using fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy along with computational methods. Based on the inverse correlation between the Stern-Volmer constant ( K sv) and temperature, it was concluded that PZP quenched the protein fluorescence through static quenching mechanism. This was also confirmed from the UV-vis absorption spectral results. Moderate binding affinity between PZP and HSA was evident from the  K avalues (5.51 − 1.05 × 10 5  M −1 ) while PZP-HSA complex formation was driven by hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions as well as hydrogen bonds, as revealed by positive entropy change (ΔS = +98.37 J mol −1  K −1 ) and negative enthalpy change (ΔH = −60.31 kJ mol −1 ). Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral results disclosed microenvironmental perturbations around Trp and Tyr residues of the protein upon PZP binding. Interestingly, the addition of PZP to HSA significantly protected the protein against thermal stress. Competitive drug displacement results obtained with warfarin, phenylbutazone and diazepam elucidated Sudlow's Site I, positioned in subdomain IIA of HSA, as the preferred binding site of PZP which was well supported by molecular docking analysis, while molecular dynamics simulation results suggested the stability of the PZP-HSA complex. Communicated by Vsevolod Makeev

Biomolecular interaction mechanism of an anticancer drug, pazopanib with human serum albumin: a multi-spectroscopic and computational approach