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Despite the richness of his ideas and their influence on subsequent schools of psychoanalysis, Hartmann’s message is obscured by difficult language. These difficulties include his use of metapsychological terms that “give the appearance of common understanding when such understanding does not exist,” as Winnicott put it, his use of assertion and certainty, as if the hypotheses he asks us to consider were already decided by fiat, and his habit of repeatedly interrupting his argument to tell us what he is not going to tell us, thus appearing to offer something and withhold it at the same time. Nonetheless, his practice of qualifying and requalifying his ideas, along with his love of paradox, ultimately conveys so complex an understanding of mental process – so far removed from the simple stereotype of a “conflict-free” sphere – that much of his monograph reads as a celebration of the role of irrationality, of fantasy, and of the imagination in adaptation.

Reading Hartmann’s Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation : Difficulties and Surprises