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Drawing from sources at the Kennedy and Johnson presidential libraries, as well as secondary literature, this article has two main goals. The first is to examine the concept of self-help employed by U.S. officials in the formulation of foreign policy in the 1960s as a discursive metric to evaluate political events in Brazil after the 1964 military coup. I argue that this innocuous-sounding policy trope enabled U.S. policymakers to understate their investment in affecting political conditions in contested areas around the world, particularly in Brazil where it sanctioned a right-wing military coup in 1964. The second, more tentative aim of this article is to situate self-help as a discursive forerunner of what would later be called neoliberalism. Emphasizing technocratic interventions, personal responsibility, and a vision of government that placed the onus for combatting poverty on apolitical individuals rather than a state democratically accountable to its citizens, the notion of self-help carried profound political implications.

‘Real Self-Help’ and the Seeds of Neoliberalism: Foreign Aid to Brazil from Kennedy to Johnson