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After the breakup of the Eastern Bloc, NATO started transforming from a military alliance of the West to a cooperative security organisation of Europe as a whole. When strengthening liaison with the former Warsaw Pact countries, an important German–American initiative was the establishment of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). From the perspective of Germany, the NACC widened the scope for the European security dimension, whose core element was the Western European Union (WEU). In Finland and Sweden, changes in security thinking resulted in adjustments in the policy of neutrality. The chancellor of Germany, Helmut Kohl was an active spokesperson for Finnish and Swedish memberships in the European Community (EC) and Nordic participation in the WEU, but for the first time, this article examines to what extent Germany was involved when Finland and Sweden started building their relations with the NACC.

the international history review

Eyes on the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. To What Extent was Germany Involved in the NATO Diplomacy Surrounding Finland and Sweden in the Early 1990s?