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In 1964, the president of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson, prevented the planned Turkish invasion of Cyprus by sending the Turkish prime minister a letter so tough that the secretary of state, George Ball, described it as the diplomatic equivalent of an atomic bomb. In 1974, Turkey was once again gearing up for invasion. According to American diplomat James Spain, the president of the United States, Richard Nixon, also sent a letter that even exceeded Johnson's severity. However, Nixon's letter never reached the hands of the Turkish prime minister, and no one ever heard anything about it. This time, Turkey went on invading and ultimately occupying northern Cyprus. This article examines the dramatic diplomatic background on the eve of the Cyprus crisis based on Spain’s revealing account as well as Henry Kissinger’s telephone conversation transcripts. The story of the compilation, dispatch, and non-delivery of the so-called Nixon letter provides us not just with an astonishing piece of diplomatic history, but also shows the vacillation of the United States in front of a crippling geopolitical dilemma: how to keep two warring allies apart.

The “Nixon Letter” to Ecevit: An Untold Story of the Eve of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974