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Many important bacterial pathogens utilize virulence factors that attach an ADP-ribose moiety to target host molecules. These enzymes, referred to as mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mARTs), have been extensively studied in human pathogens, and prominent examples include the Cholera toxin from  Vibrio cholerae , the Pertussis toxin from  Bordetella pertussis , and the Diphtheria toxin from  Corynebacterium diphtheriae . In contrast, the characterization of mART enzymes as virulence factors in phytopathogens is a relatively new area of research. Several mARTs produced by the bacterial plant pathogen  Pseudomonas syringae  have been shown to play a key role in suppressing pathogen-triggered immunity and/or effector-triggered immunity, and similarly, the SirTMs from  Phytophthora  species may contribute to oomycete resistance to host immune responses. Recently, a novel mART toxin called Scabin was identified in the potato common scab pathogen  Streptomyces scabiei . Unlike most mARTs, Scabin targets guanosine residues in DNA, and  in vitro  studies have shown that it preferentially modifies potato genomic DNA, suggesting that it may function in modulating host gene expression during pathogen infection.

Who ART thou? ADP-ribosyltransferases and their role as virulence factors in phytopathogenic microorganisms