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Array antennas play an important role in different communication systems. In the synthesis of array antennas, different important parameters like pattern shape, side lobe level reduction, placement of nulls, and beam width are to be considered. Array antenna synthesis is done on different types of antennas to generate different shaped beams for practical applications. Optimization methods like the Quasi Newton method (QNM), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Firefly optimization (FF) are used in determining different shaped patterns. In array synthesis as the number of elements increases the pattern converges to that of the desired pattern with the square of the difference approaching zero. QNM reduces the error function in very less number of iterations for the generation of stair step and Ramp shape patterns, when compared with PSO and Firefly algorithms in all array configurations. When the number of elements in the linear array is 80, 100, 200 Firefly has better performance than the PSO algorithm. The height of ripples reduced as the number of elements increases for both Ramp pattern and stair step pattern. Convergence plots for all array configurations are plotted and error values for each iteration for all elements are measured.

Antenna Pattern Synthesis Using the Quasi Newton Method, Firefly and Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques