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The aims of this study were to help clarify the identification of  Sphagnum balticum  in Britain, to review its distribution, and to investigate the possible presence of hybrids between it and either  S. cuspidatum  or  S. fallax . All sites at which  Sphagnum balticum  has been recorded recently in Britain were visited in 2020, and a search made for it and other species with which it could be confused, together with possible hybrids. Samples were collected when suitable material was found. DNA was extracted from 31 shoots, each representing one field sample. Fifteen microsatellites that have been developed for  Sphagnum  species were amplified and genotyped. The genetic structure of the data was investigated using principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis. The results of the genetic analysis support the recognition of four taxa, which corresponded to four morphologically identified taxa:  Sphagnum angustifolium ,  S. balticum ,  S. cuspidatum  and  S. fallax . There was no evidence of hybrids. Over-recording of  S. balticum  has occurred in Britain due to confusion with some forms of  S. cuspidatum  and  S. fallax , which can exhibit some morphological characters usually used to identify  S. balticum . An illustrated identification key is provided to help solve this problem. Sphagnum balticum  is a very rare species in Britain that has undergone a decline due to habitat destruction and alteration. It is presently known to survive at only three sites, of which two are within protected areas.

The identification and distribution of Sphagnum balticum (Russow) C.E.O.Jensen in Britain