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Organic fertilization, a critical agronomic practice for improving nutrient availability and crop growth, may increase the risk of phosphorus (P) loss. To investigate the effect of organic fertilization on P availability, crop growth and P loss, a paddy field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkaline paddy soil. We designed four treatments: CK (no fertilizer), NPK (mineral fertilizer), and NPKC1 and NPKC2 (mineral fertilizer with low and high levels of organic fertilizer, respectively); the amounts of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O were equal in the NPK, NPKC1, and NPKC2 treatments. Compared with the NPK treatment, organic fertilization enhanced the content of total, organic, and available P in the topsoil. Moreover, organic fertilization significantly improved both the growth and P removal of crops. The content of oxalate Fe, Al, and dissolved organic carbon, the main carriers of P loss, in the soil was the highest in the NPKC2 treatment. The soil P saturation ratio (PSR) in the NPKC2 treatment was 0.25, exceeding the threshold PSR for P loss of 0.16. Therefore, organic fertilizer application could improve P availability and crop growth; however, high-level organic fertilization increases the risk of P loss in coastal saline-alkaline paddy soils.

Effects of organic fertilization on phosphorus availability and crop growth: Evidence from a 7-year fertilization experiment