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Eight integrated crop management (ICM) practices were evaluated for six years consecutively, which are ICM1&amp;2: ‘business-as-usual’ (conventional transplanted rice  fb  flatbed wheat), ICM3&amp;4: conventional direct seeded rice (DSR)  fb  furrow irrigated raised-bed wheat without residues, ICM5&amp;6: conservation agriculture (CA)-based zero-tilled (ZT) DSR  fb  ZT wheat with the wheat and rice residues and ICM7&amp;8: CA-based ZTDSR  fb  ZT wheat with the wheat, mungbean and rice residues. ICM 7-8  produced 9.6–16.4% and 9.4–9.9% greater system rice equivalent yield (REY) than the ICM 1-4  and ICM 5-6 , respectively. Residue-retained CA-based ICM 5-8  had 23.2% and 58.5% greater N and P balance, respectively, than the residue removed (ICM 1-4 ); subsequently, negative K balance (–53 to –115.5 kg ha −1 ) was recorded in ICM 1-4 . ICM 5-8  consumed ~60-78% of total energy and produced the highest energy output (Eo) in rice (11.5–12.6%)/wheat (7.3–13%) than ICM 1-4 . In contrast, ICM 1-4  had a greater energy use efficiency (E U E) compared to ICM 5-8  due to lesser energy input (EI) through indirect renewable sources. At a soil depth of 0.0–0.45 m, the ICM 5-8  contributed 7.9% and 20.2% greater active and passive OC pools over the ICM 1-4 . Thus, CA-based ICM in rice-wheat rotation (RWR) could be a possible substitute for the positive nutrient balance, system yields and energy and carbon dynamics.

archives of agronomy and soil science

Designing resource efficient integrated crop management modules for direct seeded rice-zero till wheat rotation of north western India: Impacts on system productivity, energy-nutrient-carbon dynamics