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Understanding the soil microbiology and physico-chemistry may contribute to efficient land utilization. A 10-year field experiment was conducted in Songnen Plain, China. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme M reductase A ( mcrA ) genes were performed to investigate the dynamic changes in archaeal community following long-term rice planting. Ten-year rice planting significantly decreased soil salinity and alkalinity, including pH (7.6%), electrical conductivity (23.9%), sodium absorption ratio (33.1%), and exchangeable sodium percentage (33.5%) and significantly increased soil organic carbon (70.5%) and mineral nutrient concentrations. Rice planting increased α-diversity, and reshaped the archaea community structure of saline-alkali soil. The archaea community compositions during the 10-year period were divided into three stages: 1) shift in abundance from ammonia-oxidizing archaea to methanogenic archaea, 2) methanogenic archaea (e.g. genera  Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium, Methanocella, Methanomassiliicoccus ) established superiority, and 3) methanogenic archaea genes copy numbers increased and the community became stable. Redundancy analysis showed that the decrease in pH caused by long-term flooding was the main factor responsible for the changes in archaea community structure. The results highlighted that the rice planting could be a beneficial approach for maintaining ecological stability and reclaiming severe saline-alkali soil.

Response of soils properties and archaea community to saline-sodic soils under long-term rice-based cropping system