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Poor access and quality of intrapartum and postpartum health care contribute to high global maternal and neonatal mortality rates and intracountry inequity. We examined barriers to careseeking and health care utilization for obstetric and immediate neonatal care in Chiapas, a state with one of the largest indigenous populations and poorest health indicators in Mexico. We conducted 74 in-depth interviews with recently delivered women, their male partners, and traditional birth attendants, and 27 interviews with health facility and hospital staff in rural Chiapas. Interviews were conducted and recorded in Tzeltal and Ch’ol; data were transcribed, coded and analyzed in Spanish using thematic analysis techniques. Barriers to utilization of facility delivery that were reported in order of frequency were: (1) economic and geographic barriers; (2) traditions incompatible with facility policies; (3) fear or previous experience of mistreatment or abuse; (4) perceived poor quality care at facilities; (5) language and political barriers. Commonly reported barriers included distance, cost, lack of vehicles, and poor perceived quality of care, as well as linguistic barriers, lack of space, and fears of surgery or mistreatment. Some women reported obstetric violence and rights violations, including two cases of possible forced sterilizations, an unauthorized transfer of a newborn to another facility without consent or accompaniment of a guardian, and one failure to discharge a newborn because the family could not pay. Political conflict in the region contributed to additional barriers such as reduced trust in government facilities, and physical roadblocks during political activities. Improving geographic and economic access to obstetric and neonatal care can contribute to improved service utilization, but uptake of services can only be improved if quality of care, including communication and consent, are addressed. Historical and current relationships between various stakeholder and political groups should be considered when planning programs, which should be created as collaboratively as possible.

Traditions and trust: a qualitative study of barriers to facility-based obstetric and immediate neonatal care in Chiapas, Mexico