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The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how  Tulipa luanica  adapts to growth in soil with higher concentrations of heavy metals and to assess potential toxic effects using various biomarkers, in comparison to  Tulipa kosovarica , a typical serpentine species. For this purpose, we analyzed the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil, as well as their accumulation in plants and their associated stress effects. The results indicate that, despite the presence of some metals in very high concentrations in the soil (Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni), they are translocated in minimal amounts within plant organs, particularly in  T. luanica . Nearly all metals exhibited significantly higher concentrations in  T. kosovarica  when compared to  T. luanica . Based on the analysis of biomarkers, it is apparent that  T. luanica  shows greater sensitivity to these conditions. This is evident through the decreased activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and levels of δ-aminolevulinic acid, malondialdehyde, and glutathione observed in  T. luanica . It appears that  T. luanica  effectively restricts the absorption of metals in serpentine soils; however, it experiences oxidative stress induced by these metals, setting it apart from the more resilient  T. kosovarica .

journal of environmental science and health, part b

Assessment of heavy metal stress in the adaptation strategies of  Tulipa luanica  growing on serpentine soil through some biomarkers in comparison to  Tulipa kosovarica