English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In 1915 and 1916, nearly one half of the total tonnage engaged in the trade of the UK was flying foreign flags. The Northern Neutrals, comprising the three Scandinavian countries, accounted for a large share of the neutral merchant fleet. A new set of detailed regional freight rate indices covering the period 1910–1920 provides the basis for comparing earnings from different trades during the First World War. This article shows that the UK authorities directed neutral tonnage into routes that were more hazardous but also much less remunerative than alternative trade routes in Asia and America. Thus, the price of neutrality comprised both loss of tonnage and foregone freight earnings for Scandinavian shipping. The new data series also form the basis of a discussion of how the wartime shipping controls created economic inefficiencies by distorting the shipping trade.

The price of neutrality: ocean freight rates and shipping policy towards the Northern Neutrals during the First World War