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Two types of formulations, emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) and nano-emulsions (NEs), were conducted to enhance the activity of the  Rheum palmatum  L. and  Juniperus virginiana  L. essential oils (EOs). The efficacy of EOs, ECs, and NEs was evaluated under laboratory and semi-field conditions against  Tetranychus urticae  Koch eggs and females. In addition, assessing their selectivity towards the predatory mite,  Phytoseiulus persimilis  Athias-Henriot. The tested ECs and NEs showed toxicity against  T. urticae  females higher than bulk oils, and all caused 100% un-hatchability of  T. urticae  eggs. With the exception of EOs and  R. palmatum  EC, neither the prepared ECs nor NEs showed any phytotoxicity symptoms on treated plants. The residual effects of tested materials were dissipated over time.  Juniperus virginiana  EO, EC and NE were compatible with  P. persimilis . Tested ECs and NEs can aid in more sustainable crop management, to develop low-risk solutions to replace the use of pesticides.

archives of phytopathology and plant protection

How could the bioactivity of emulsifiable concentrate and nano-emulsion formulations of  Rheum palmatum  and  Juniperus virginiana  essential oils affect  Tetranychus urticae  (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its bio-agent,  Phytoseiulus persimilis  (Acari: Phytoseiidae)