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This work aimed to synthesise a magnetic photocatalyst based on Ag-TiO 2  nanoparticles supported on Algerian Halloysite clay (HKDD3) loaded with magnetite Fe 3 O 4  through a solvothermal method. The prepared catalyst was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, UV–vis-DRS Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Structural and morphological characterisation exhibited that magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and (TiO 2 ) particles were on a nanometre scale and their sizes were estimated around 50 nm and 30 nm, respectively. DRS results demonstrated that the bandgap has shifted from 3 to 1.75 eV. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated under visible light by changing different operating parameters including photocatalyst loading, initial dye concentration, pH, and scavenger’s effect. The methylene blue discoloration was 92% with mineralisation of 87%, which was achieved at pH 6.7 after 3 hours of irradiation visible light with a dosage of 0.937 g/l of catalyst. The photocatalyst can be easily separated due to the action of an external magnetic field. The  • O 2−  and  • OH species are the main ones responsible for the photodegradation of methylene blue dye.

international journal of environmental analytical chemistry

Synthesis and characterisation of novel catalyst Ag-TiO 2  loaded on magnetic Algerian halloysite clay (Fe 3 O 4 -HKDD3) for the photocatalytic activity of methylene blue dye in an aqueous medium