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In the present study, an agro-waste, almond shell was derived as activated carbon. Based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of leachate, the optimised conditions of activated carbon were obtained and loaded with TiO 2  nanoparticles. Brunauer Emmett Teller analysis technique is used to probe the textural properties through the specific surface area. The specific surface area of the TiO 2  nanoparticle loaded activated carbon (TiO 2 @ASAc-7) and efficiently activated carbon (ASAc-7) were 153.3 m 2 /g and 54.7 m 2 /g. A band at 536 cm −1  in FTIR of TiO 2 @ASAc-7 composite demonstrates the spreading of vibrational modes of TiO 2  in 4AS material. SEM-EDX shows the elemental peaks of carbon, oxygen and Ti nanoparticles along with atomic percentages of C 70.1, O 22.61, and Ti 7.29. The optimum values of pH 5.5, dose 1.75 g/50 mL, time 160 minutes and temperature 30°C were observed at maximum COD removal of 78.6%. The adsorption isotherm records were appropriately fitted to Freundlich, Hill, Khan, Redlich–Peterson, Toth, and Koble–Corrigan. The correlation coefficient (R 2  = 0.9707) and a comparatively low value of the root mean square error (RMSE = 3.97) demonstrates that the adsorption technique adapted a pseudo-second-order model. Negative values of ΔG 0  signify that COD removal by TiO 2 @ASAc-7 was spontaneous and positive values of the enthalpy change (∆H° = 37.816 kJmol −1 ) indicate that the process was endothermic in nature. To optimise the COD removal efficiency from the leachate sample, a central composite design for a subset of the RSM was also performed.

Potential of TiO 2 loaded almond shell derived activated carbon for leachate treatment: isotherms, kinetics, and Response Surface Methodology