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In this paper, Fe 3 O 4  magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4  NPs) were successfully synthesised and dispersed on alfalfa to prepare Fe 3 O 4 /alfalfa nanocomposite for cationic dye removal from aqueous solutions. Characterisation of Fe 3 O 4 /alfalfa nanocomposite using FT-IR, FESEM, and EDX analyses showed that the Fe 3 O 4  NPs were excellently dispersed on alfalfa. The results display that the Fe 3 O 4 /alfalfa as a green adsorbent have high removal ability for toxic cationic dyes, such as malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV). For Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa, the average particle size of nanoparticles on alfalfa (around 20–30 nm) has decreased compared with alone Fe 3 O 4 . The experiments showed that the adsorption of dyes onto Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa better described with pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models, suggesting the surface heterogeneity of the Fe 3 O 4 /alfalfa. Furthermore, Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa with adsorption capacity of 62.68 mgg −1  and 55.12 mgg −1  towards MG and CV, respectively, was comparable with those of the reported adsorbents. The results indicated that the adsorption of both dyes onto Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa was thermodynamically spontaneous and more favourable at lower temperatures. The results also confirmed that the removal of MG and CV by Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa were remarkable after reusing five times. Therefore, the Fe 3 O 4 -alfalfa as a green and low-cost nanoadsorbent with an easy synthesis route could be used for purification of water and wastewater contaminated by pollutants.

Synthesis and effective dispersion of Fe 3 O 4 NPs on alfalfa as a green nanoadsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions