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A simple and novel ultrasonically modified dual-cloud point extraction (Um-DCPE) method has been developed to preconcentrate a toxic heavy metal, lead (Pb 2+ ), in aquifer water of different depths in the region of Thar coalfield, Pakistan, prior to analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The Pb 2+  in water samples have been complex with 8-hydroxyquinoline followed by the entrapping in the hydrophobic non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-114). The second step of Um-DCPE involved the addition of 0.5 to 2.0 mol L −1  of HCl/HNO 3  (2 mL) and subjected to shaking and centrifugation, separate upper aqueous layers, and subjected for analysis. To check the performance of the proposed method a certified reference material (CRM) of water and spiked standard in a real sample were applied successively. Both LOD and LOQ achieved by the proposed method for Pb 2+  were 0.023 and 1.70 μg L −1 , respectively. The optimised Um-DCPE method was applied effectively to selected aquifer water samples. The results obtained from the proposed method indicated that the aquifer water samples of different depths have 2 to 3 folds higher Pb 2+  values than recommended values of the world health organisation.

Determination of lead in groundwater samples of three aquifers of a coal mining area at various depths using advance extraction methodology