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Cuprospinel nanoparticles (CuFe 2 O 4 -NPs) were initially made in this study using the sol-gel process. Then, the effect of the main operational parameters, such as sulphate radical precursors (namely, peroxymonosulfate [PMS] and peroxydisulfate [PDS]), pH of aqueous solution, ultrasound (US) frequency and power, CuFe 2 O 4  loading, reaction time, atenolol (ATL) concentration, as well as inorganic anions on the sonocatalytic process in removing ATL from water was investigated. The results revealed that the PMS outperformed the PDS due to its unsymmetrical structure. Under optimal conditions, the initial pH of the aqueous solution, the US frequency and power, the CuFe 2 O 4  loading, the PMS concentration, and the ATL concentration were also obtained by 7.5, 80 kHz, 100 W, 0.4 g/L, 1.2 mM, and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. At the concentration of 10 mg/L of the ATL, its removal and the mineralisation rates were equal to 83.1% and 48.31%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the inorganic anions on the removal of the ATL correspondingly followed the sequence of HCO 3− &gt;H 2 PO 4− &gt;SO 42- &gt;NO 3− . In the scavenging experiment, methanol showed greater effectiveness compared with other agents in the removal of the ATL, indicating that the SO 4•-  radicals were the dominant active species within the reaction. The reusability test also demonstrated that the CuFe 2 O 4  efficiency decreased by almost 10% after five consecutive cycles. Besides, the intermediates of the ATL degradation were determined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique and the proposed mechanism for the ATL degradation was expressed. In general, the findings suggested that the US/PMS/CuFe 2 O 4  process had a high synergistic index (SI) and could be effective in removing ATL from aqueous solutions.

international journal of environmental analytical chemistry

Heterogeneous sonocatalytic degradation of atenolol using CuFe 2 O 4  from aqueous solution: effects of operational parameters, energy consumption and degradation mechanism