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In the present study, sequencing batch moving-bed biofilm reactor (SBMBBR) was developed as a new treatment system and was used to treat wastewater containing cefixime antibiotic (CFX). The effect of initial concentration of CFX (0–122 mg/L) on common parameters including total nitrogen (TN), nitrite (NO 2− ), nitrate (NO 3− ), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also evaluated. When a small concentration of CFX (45 mg/L) was added to the SBMBBR, good removal efficiencies were obtained for CFX, COD, and TN. Slight changes in mixed liquor-suspended solids (MLSS) and specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) in the reactor containing 92 mg/L of CFX showed that microorganisms had high adaptation in the new SBMBBR system. Biological removal of TN, COD, and CFX was decreased from 70.75, 74.81, and 70.9% to 27.38, 23.2, and 34.8%, respectively, when the initial CFX concentration was increased from 45 to 122 mg/L. Also, value of MLSS was decreased at CFX concentrations of 92 and 122 mg L-1, indicating that bacterial growth was inhibited. CFX degradation products were detected by performing the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and the results obtained from analysis showed that the CFX was first converted into 5-vinyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-4-carboxylic acid and thiazol-2-amine by breaking C-N bond and chain ring. Then, acetic acid and ethyl (methyl) sulphone were formed with further destruction of the chain ring and ring opening. Finally, these by-products can be converted into CO 2  and H 2 O. Accordingly, the results of the present study demonstrated that hybrid process of SBMBBR with minimal reduction in the concentration of MLSS and SOUR can be a good alternative to processes alone in treatment of high concentrations of CFX.

international journal of environmental analytical chemistry

Investigation of sequencing batch moving-bed biofilm reactor to biodegradation of cefixime as emerging pollutant in percent of easily degradable co-substrate