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Free-range livestock can be exposed to toxic cyanobacteria by drinking water from eutrophic natural sources. This study reports on the analysis of livestock drinking water sources from ranches in an eutrophic subtropical basin of South America (33ºS, 57°W), where frequent  Microcystisspp . blooms and occasionally dense scums were found. To minimise monitoring costs, microcystins (MCs) were determined in serum and water with an in-house developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The water results were compared with those of liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the most common congeners (MC-LR, MC-RR; MC-YR, MC-LA). Both methods were strongly correlated along a broad range of concentrations. The concentrations of MCs in the livestock drinking water were up to 3,700 µg/L. This is about 1,000 times higher than the Australian and New Zealand livestock MCs guidance values (cattle = 4.2; sheep = 3.9 µg/L) as well as the California-EPA sub-chronic action level (3 µg/L) and implies a high risk of poisoning. The animals exposed to MCs concentrations 70–100 times higher than these guidelines showed no significant alterations in liver enzymes. Nevertheless, serum concentrations of up to 0.11 µg/L MCs were recorded by ELISA. These results reveal the potential of MCs-ELISA in serum as a sensitive, minimally invasive method for risk assessment in integrated environmental monitoring strategies.

Microcystin ELISA in water and animal serum for an integrated environmental monitoring strategy