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The present study aims to purpose prediction models for the removal of nitrate and phosphate applyingclinoptilolite nanoparticles treated with basic (NaOH, NH 3 , NH 4 OH), salt (NaCl, KCl, AlCl 3 ) and acidic (HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , C 7 H 6 O 3 , HCl) solutions from aqueous solutions. To investigate the physicochemical properties of natural and modified clinoptilolite, several methods were used including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. Furthermore, the response surface methodology with central composite design analysis (RSM-CCD) was performed to optimise critical parameters, namely initial pH, adsorbent dosage and pollutants concentrate, which are shown in D/C ratio (adsorbent dosage per initial concentration of pollutant) [(mg) adsorbent /(mg/L) initial ] for obtaining maximum removal. The results indicated that the most favourable removal of nitrate was 96.98% at pH = 5.77 and D/C = 31.64 by using adsorbent modified with H 2 SO 4  and NaCl solution (Z13). To geta phosphate removal of 99.12%, the adsorbent Z13 was also the best under optimal conditions of pH = 6.39 and D/C = 88.75. The experimental data and the adsorption process were also analysed and the Sips isotherm model adapted to the two adsorptions of pollutants. The kinetic study including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order were also investigated to find out the adsorption mechanism.

international journal of environmental analytical chemistry

Enhanced removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solution using novel modified natural clinoptilolite nanoparticles: process optimization and assessment