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Type specimens are the core of taxonomical studies, unfortunately, many taxonomists in the 1800s did not officially designate type specimens nor type deposition institutions. Furthermore, oftentimes the original description did not include diagnosis or images. In order to help recognise obscure spider species, diagnosis and images of 73 spider-type specimens from South America, or genera also occurring on the continent are presented. Based on type examination four new synonyms are proposed:  Abapeba hirta  =  Teminius insularis  new syn.,  Araneus riveti = Araneus granadensis  new syn.,  Scytodes vittata  = Scytodes fusca  new syn., and  Pardosa riveti  =  Pardosa fastosa  new syn.; and five new combinations are proposed:  Creugas cayanus  (Taczanowski, 1874) new comb.,  Emblyna andesiana  (Berland, 1913) new comb.,  Mangora karschi  (Roewer, 1942) new comb.,  Leucauge aureosignata  (Lenz, 1891) new comb. and,  Goeldia guayaquilensis  (Schmidt 1971) new comb. Finally, three synonyms are rejected:  Ulesanis chelys  ≠  Ulesanis personata, Tetragnatha riveti  ≠  Tetragnatha jaculator,  and  Meta alticola  ≠  Chrysometa zelotypa . LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:399EF4D0-3AC0-4689-B466-C05619DC7D53.

New light on some historical type specimens -in relation to the South American spider (Araneae) fauna-