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Extensive local disease or narrow vagina may compromise brachytherapy (BT) in patients with cervical cancer. This is the first study to analyze long-term outcomes of using 3D printed vaginal tandem-needle templates (3DP TNT) for transvaginal insertion of needles in parallel (P) or parallel and oblique (P&amp;O) direction to the tandem. All patients treated with BT using 3DP TNT from 2015-2020 were included. Decision to use a 3DP TNT and preplanning were made after 4-5 weeks of external beam radiotherapy, based on gynecological examination and MRI with a tandem-ring applicator  in situ . The TNT was 3D-printed in house consisting of a circular template with P&amp;O holes for guidance of plastic needles and a shaft fitting the uterine tandem. Thus, the radioactive source was never in direct contact with the 3DP TNT. The TNT was 3D printed in a standard or personalized configuration. Planning aims were based on the Embrace II protocol. 101 patients (median age of 63 years) were included: 49 with P needles only and 52 with P&amp;O needles. Personalized TNT was used in 19 patients in the P&amp;O group. Performance status (WHO) was &gt; 0 in 48%. FIGO 2018  stage III-IV was present in 77%. T-score at diagnosis and BT was 9.1 and 6.3 respectively, with a significantly higher T-score in the P&amp;O compared to P group. The mean high-risk CTV D90 was 93 Gy with no significant difference between the two groups. Three-year local control rates were 85%, 95%, 75% for the overall, P- and P&amp;O group respectively and 68%, 80% and 56% for cancer specific survival. Grade ≥3 treatment related complications were observed in 10 (10%) patients. 3DP TNT for BT in cervical cancer provides successful management of very extensive local disease and/or unfavorable anatomy with the possibility for treatment individualization.

acta oncologica

Clinical outcomes using a 3D printed tandem-needle-template and the EMBRACE-II planning aims for image guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer