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In this study, the effects of quick lime (QL), calcite, and sodium lignosulfonate (SL) powders combined with liquid on granular system were compared. Different loading stresses were used to compare their shear and tensile characteristics. Glass beads (400–600 µm in size) and varying powder-to-liquid contents (from 0% to 5% in mass) as the binder in mixture were used to investigate their shear behavior and bulk density. Results showed that the shear strength was improved for all tested powder binders with their increased content in mixture. QL and calcite powders were weak when the liquid content was large (4–5%). Meanwhile, SL powder sufficiently controlled liquid and improved cohesion-related forces required to form and maintain granular bed stability. It also exhibited higher tensile strength than the other powders. Similar to SL powder, QL powder maintained significant tensile strength. The cohesion was enhanced and varied in the range of 0.17–1.46 kPa for QL powder and 0.10–1.08 kPa for calcite powder. By contrast, SL powder resulted in a high cohesion of 0.39–1.59 kPa for overall contents. The measured bulk density decreased to a certain extent and then increased for all powder binders with liquid content.

Binding effects of organic and inorganic powder on shear and tensile strengths of granular material packing