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With advances in molecular phylogeny, the Ursidae affinity of  Ailuropoda  is no longer controversial. However, the early evolution of  Ailuropoda  and its close relatives (the tribe Ailuropodini) is still unclear. In this study, we describe a new fossil discovery from Bulgaria, which represents a new taxon of Ailuropodini, ? Agriarctos nikolovi . The materials of  Ailurarctos  are restudied and the evolution and dispersal of Ailuropodini are discussed. Early Ailuropodini split into two lineages, one in Europe as  Agriarctos  (three species, whose assignment to the same genus is not certain), and one in southeastern Asia as  Ailurarctos  and later  Ailuropoda. Ailurarctos  is a paraphyletic group, with both known species as successive direct ancestors to  Ailuropoda . Subtribe Ailuropodina is proposed here to include  Ailurarctos  and  Ailuropoda . Turolian European  Agriarctos  paralleled with Ailuropodina in many aspects, which reflects similar adaptation towards a specific herbivorous diet.

A late Turolian giant panda from Bulgaria and the early evolution and dispersal of the panda lineage