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The purpose of this research was to explore the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of perillaldehyde (PAE) in  Aspergillus fumigatus  ( A. fumigatus ) keratitis and the underlying mechanism. The biofilm formation, adherence assay, and propidium iodide uptake test were used to determine the possible mechanism of PAE in terms of antifungal effects  in vitro . The severity of corneal infection was evaluated by clinical scores. The immunofluorescence staining (IFS) was adopted to detect the number of macrophages in infected corneas. Draize test was performed to assess the ocular toxicity of PAE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot reflected the expression of inflammatory cytokines and Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) in mice corneas and RAW264.7 cells. PAE was able to inhibit the formation of biofilm, reduce conidial adhesion, and damage the integrity of membranes to exert antifungal activity. In C57BL/6 mice models, PAE alleviated the severity of infected corneas, reduced the recruitment of macrophages and had low ocular toxicity. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α, CCL-2, and LOX-1 could be significantly decreased by the application of PAE after  A. fumigatus  infection  in vivo  and  in vitro . Our study indicated that PAE protected against  A. fumigatus  keratitis by reducing fungal load, accumulation of macrophages, and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines.

Perillaldehyde Protects Against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Reducing Fungal Load and Inhibiting Inflammatory Cytokines and LOX-1