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Spring floods trigger spawning in many native fishes of the desert Southwest (USA), but less is known about fish community response when native fishes are rare. Here, we document change to native and nonnative fish captures and instream habitat features following a decade-high flooding event (2019) in the Verde River (AZ) where native fish captures were rare in the years pre-flood. Using prepositioned areal electrofishing devices (PAEDs), we sampled the fish community at 90 sampling units pre-flood (2017) and resampled those same units post-flood (2019) to compare and identify changes to catch and habitat features. Relative abundance of native fishes increased from 0.6% pre-flood (0.01 fish/PAED) to 53.0% post-flood (1.66 fish/PAED) and was largely attributable to the presence of juvenile Roundtail Chub  Gila robusta  (≤ 70 mm total length (TL)) and juvenile Sonora Sucker  Catostomus insignis  (≤ 100 mm TL). Juvenile Desert Sucker  Catostomus clarkii  experienced a lesser increase. One adult native fish was captured in 2017 and adult native fishes were absent from 2019 sampling. The catch of adult/subadult Common Carp  Cyprinus carpio  (&gt; 100 mm TL) declined; however, this could be related to reservoir management and not the flood. The abundance of all size-classes of Black Bass  Micropterus  spp., Red Shiner  Cyprinella lutrensis  and other nonnative fishes did not change. The majority (97%) of juvenile native fishes were captured at the uppermost sampling reach. A 54% reduction to canopy cover across all sampling reaches and an increase of fine sediments at the most downstream reach demonstrates how floods can restructure the river environment. This case-study adds evidence that protection of spring floods is vital to the persistence and recolonization of fishes native to the desert Southwest, especially where they are rare. The continued presence of nonnative species may preclude juvenile native fishes from recruiting to adults.

Increased juvenile native fish abundance following a major flood in an Arizona river