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Spatial governance and planning systems empower the public authority to steer and control spatial development. Whereas most comparative studies on how this occurs focus on the European continent, less knowledge is available on the global South incremental urbanisation. The cases of three Latin American countries – Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru – are here discussed, highlighting the role played by the  logic of necessity  (and the resulting  necessity-market ) as the main driver of plot-by-plot urbanisation. The analysis shows that, in the three countries, spatial governance and planning systems are scarcely capable to address societal needs  ex-ante  and limit their activity to  ex-post  regularisation actions.

Does planning keep its promises? latin American spatial governance and planning as an ex-post regularisation activity