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Light, scanning electron and focused ion beam microscope observations are presented for four new species of the diatom genus  Orthoseira  Thwaites. Three species,  O. mauiana  sp. nov.,  O. loweana  sp. nov. and  O. hawaiiensis  are described from Maui (Hawaiian Islands), and one species,  O. oregoniana  sp. nov., is described from Oregon, USA. These four species all possess carinoportulae, the feature that diagnoses the genus, but differ in many other characters, including presence and types of spines, caverns, and pore fields. We compare and contrast these species with each other, and other species currently assigned to the genus. We also compare the different morphologies with other genera proposed, but not currently recognized, such as  Liparogyra  Ehrenberg,  Stephanosira  Ehrenberg, and  Porocyclia  Ehrenberg, and consider the systematic relationships of these groups within  Orthoseira .

Four new Orthoseira Thwaites species from Maui, Hawaii, and the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon, with comments on frustular morphology in the genus