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The purpose of this article is to present the challenges faced in implementing open and online learning by the recently established Open University of Nepal (NOU), which has been offering limited courses in graduate study, all blended since 2018. University leaders, faculty members, technical staff, and students at Nepal Open University participated in semi-structured interviews to evaluate the perceived challenges of implementing online learning. Using the perspectives of Bolman and Deal’s four frames as a guide, participants discussed the challenges they experienced at their institution; these included financial limitations, lack of instructor, and familiarity with online learning, the absence of a Human Resources unit, slow governmental functioning, and a lack of quality assurance policies.

Higher education initiative challenges based on multiple frames of leadership: the case of Nepal Open University